Коллекция Вавилова
Vavilov’s Collection

Мир сможет выжить, или Что такое коллекция Н.И. Вавилова?
София Варган
Жил да был Николай Иванович Вавилов – географ, биолог, ботаник, селекционер, путешественник, человек, который заложил в России основы генетики. То, что он умер в саратовской тюрьме 26 января 1943 года, теперь уже стало практически общеизвестно. Это в прежние времена скромно писали: «Это была последняя поездка академика Н. И. Вавилова. Через два с половиной года его не стало…» (издание «Жизнь замечательных людей. Николай Вавилов», 1968 г.). И ни звука – почему и где умер.
Но, собственно говоря, речь не о биографии Николая
Читать полностью: http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-28694/Ивановича, а точнее – не совсем о биографии. Речь о его деятельности как ботаника, селекционера и путешественника.

Николай Иванович был блестящим теоретиком, великолепным экспериментатором, человеком весьма любопытным, который все рвался потрогать собственными руками. Если бы он был химиком, то, наверное, попытался бы попробовать даже цианид – чтоб узнать, каково на вкус это соединение.

Движимый всеохватывающим любопытством и научными интересами, Николай Иванович Вавилов занимался организацией разнообразных ботанико-агрономических экспедиций, в которых и сам принимал активное участие. Он объездил весь мир, все континенты, лишь Австралия и Антарктида остались не охваченными его агрономическими порывами. На каждом посещенном континенте
Что сделал в науке Н. Вавилов? Это учесть можно. Но не учесть - чего он не успел href=”http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-22696/Вавилов установил древние очаги формообразования культурных растений. Впоследствии он создал учение о мировых центрах происхождения культурных растений. И это учение – не просто любопытная теория, но оно имеет вполне практическое приложение, ведь условия эволюционирования и селекции какой-либо культуры являются основой требований к условиям ее произрастания.

Но в путешествиях Вавилов занимался не только поисками древних очагов и выяснением прелюбопытного факта, что почти все культурные растения родом из горных районов тропиков, субтропиков и умеренного пояса, а вовсе не из долин Тигра, Евфрата, Ганга и Нила. Николай Иванович был коллекционером.

Правда, коллекционирование его имело прочную привязку к основной специальности. Николай Иванович собирал семена культурных растений. И собрал гигантскую коллекцию. В нее вошли семена, собранные в 110 экспедициях (вот кто должен был вести программу для любителей путешествий!).

Коллекция Вавилова была предназначена для экспериментов по созданию новых сортов растений. Работы уже были начаты, но шли довольно медленно – мешал различный период вегетации растений, поэтому приходилось делать множество побочных экспериментов.

Пока же суд да дело, на горизонте советской науки возник Трофим Денисович Лысенко, не к ночи будь помянут. Стараниями этого «светила науки» были перепорчены основные сорта зерновых культур (и это при том, что в стране после потрясений революции, гражданской войны и раскулачивания практически не осталось сортового зерна). Но милейший «босоногий агроном» (так называли Лысенко в первых газетных публикациях, посвященных «чудесам», которые он якобы творил на своих экспериментальных грядках) на мелочи не разменивался, и порчи зерна ему было маловато.

Результатом карьеризма Лысенко стал разгром советской генетики. Под обломками погибли многие ученые. Кто-то был расстрелян, кто-то умер в заключении – как и Николай Иванович Вавилов. Лысенко благополучно занял место Вавилова – уселся в кресло директора Института генетики и, что самое поразительное, просидел в нем аж до конца 1964 года, обеспечивая глобальное отставание СССР в области сельского хозяйства от всего мира.

А коллекция семян Николая Ивановича Вавилова сохранилась. Она до сих пор хранится в Санкт-Петербурге. Ее не съели даже в самые голодные дни блокады, когда жевали ремни вприкуску со столярным клеем. Коллекцию берегли со всем пиететом к гигантскому труду ученого, оставившего уникальный подарок государству.

По сей день на основании этой коллекции можно создавать новые сорта растений. Специалисты считают, что и сейчас коллекция семян Вавилова способна обеспечить выживание всему миру. Кстати сказать, четверть из растений, чьи семена представлены в коллекции, считаются вымершими – но потенциально они живы, пока цело собрание Вавилова.

На сегодняшний день коллекция семян, собранная Николаем Ивановичем Вавиловым, оценивается примерно в 10-11 триллионов долларов.

Для сравнения – общая рыночная стоимость компаний, вошедших в рейтинг Forbes Global 2000 (рейтинг крупнейших компаний мира, включает в себя 2000 компаний) в этом году составила $20 трлн. Рыночная стоимость сегодняшнего лидера этого рейтинга – корпорации General Electric – составляет $89,87 млрд. Самая крупная компания России – Газпром (13 место в рейтинге Forbes Global 2000 этого года) – «стоит» $74,55 млрд.

Да что стоимость компаний! Путин недавно сообщил, что «на конец 2008 года золотовалютные запасы составили 427 миллиардов долларов, на 1 февраля – 386 с небольшим миллиардов долларов и на 1 июня они составили 404 миллиарда долларов».
Так-то. Стоимость коллекции семян, собранной репрессированным ученым, многократно превышает золотовалютные запасы государства. Фактически на сегодняшний день эта коллекция – самая дорогостоящая собственность России. Причем, дорогостоящая отнюдь не только в денежном выражении. Ведь она действительно способна обеспечить выживание всему миру!

Читать полностью: http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-28694/

 

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